WASHINGTON, United States — Anyone who missed the dazzling auroras dancing across night skies earlier this weekend will get another chance Sunday evening, as the powerful geomagnetic storm hitting the Earth is expected to intensify yet again.
"Several intense Coronal Mass Ejections are still anticipated to reach the Earth's outer atmosphere by later today," the US National Weather Service said.
Those ejections -- expulsions of plasma and magnetic fields from the Sun, known as CMEs -- have since Friday produced spectacular celestial shows across swaths of the Earth, far from the extreme latitudes where the auroras are normally seen.
But while many viewers have been disappointed -- at times because of overcast skies -- the latest prediction suggests their third time might just prove lucky.
The latest CMEs are expected to reach Earth late Sunday or early Monday, "causing severe or extreme geomagnetic storms once again and (offering) a very good chance to see magnificent aurorae much further south than normal," said Keith Ryden, who heads the Surrey Space Centre in England.
Or as one self-described "lighthunter" suggested on social media platform X, "Keep those pants on, coffee thermoses filled to the brim and fingers crossed!"
But scientists said the intensity of anything seen Sunday night might not reach the level of Friday's show.
"This is likely the last of the Earth-directed CMEs from this particular monster sunspot," Mathew Owens, a professor of space physics at the University of Reading, in England, told AFP.
Still, overall, he added, "the intensity of it has taken all of us by surprise."
A geomagnetic storm warning remains in effect until 2:00 am (0600 GMT) Monday, said the US-based National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)'s Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC), with auroras possible as far south as New York, northern Iowa and Washington State.
Friday saw the first "extreme" geomagnetic storm since the "Halloween Storms" of October 2003 that caused blackouts in Sweden and damaged power infrastructure in South Africa.
Excitement over the phenomenon -- and otherworldly photos of pink, green and purple night skies -- popped up across the world, from Mont Saint-Michel on the French coast to Australia's island state of Tasmania.
Late Saturday evening, pictures again trickled onto social media as people in the United States reported sightings, though not as strong as Friday night's.
'You'd be amazed'
When charged particles from solar winds are captured by Earth's magnetic field, they accelerate towards the planet's magnetic poles, which is why auroras are normally seen there. But during periods of heightened solar activity, the effects extend farther toward the equator.
No major disruptions to power or communications networks appear to have been reported this time around.
But China's National Center for Space Weather issued a "red alert" Saturday, warning that communications and navigation could be affected in much of the country, state news agency Xinhua reported.
Unlike solar flares, which travel at the speed of light and reach Earth in around eight minutes, CMEs travel at a more sedate pace, with officials putting the current average at 800 kilometers (500 miles) per second.
People with eclipse glasses can look for the sunspot cluster during the day.
NOAA's Brent Gordon encouraged the public to try to capture the night sky with phone cameras even if they couldn't see auroras with their naked eyes.
"You'd be amazed at what you see in that picture," he said.
Confused pigeons
Fluctuating magnetic fields associated with geomagnetic storms induce currents in long wires, including power lines, which can lead to blackouts. Long pipelines can also become electrified.
Spacecraft are at risk from high doses of radiation, although the atmosphere prevents this from reaching Earth.
NASA can ask astronauts on the International Space Station to move to better-shielded places within the outpost.
Even pigeons and other species that have internal biological compasses can be affected.