BOSTON, United States — Rescuers hoped Tuesday that the arrival of specialized deep-sea vessels and US Navy experts would boost desperate efforts to find the tourist submersible that went missing near the wreck of the Titanic, as oxygen for the five onboard rapidly runs out.
All communication was lost with the 21-foot (6.5-meter) craft during its descent Sunday to see the remains of the British passenger liner, which sits more than two miles (nearly four kilometers) below the surface of the North Atlantic.
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The submersible, named Titan, was carrying three fee-paying passengers, including a British billionaire and a Pakistani tycoon and his son. OceanGate Expeditions charges $250,000 for a seat on the sub, which is about the size of an average truck.
US and Canadian coast guard ships and planes are scouring 7,600 square miles of ocean -- larger than the US state of Connecticut -- for the vessel, which was attempting to dive some 400 miles off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada.
A US Navy spokesperson said a specialized winch system for lifting heavy objects from extreme depths, other equipment and personnel would join the rescue effort on Tuesday night.
The Pentagon said it was deploying a third C130 aircraft and three C-17s, while France's oceanographic institute announced a deep-sea underwater robot and its experts would arrive in the area on Wednesday.
"This is a very complex search and the unified team is working around the clock to bring all available assets and expertise to bear as quickly as possible," US Coast Guard Captain Jamie Frederick told reporters.
'Untested design'
"Logistically speaking, it's hard to bring assets to bear. It takes time, it takes coordination," he added.
Rescuers estimate that passengers have less than two days of oxygen left, based on the sub's capacity to hold up to 96 hours of emergency air.
"There's about 40 hours of breathable air left based on that initial report," Frederick said around 1:00 pm (1700 GMT) Tuesday.
Rescue efforts ramped up as a 2018 lawsuit came to light that alleged that OceanGate Expeditions' former director of marine operations was fired after he raised safety concerns about Titan.
David Lochridge cited the company’s "experimental and untested design of the Titan" in a court filing.
The Titan lost contact with the surface less than two hours into its descent, authorities say.
On board is Briton Hamish Harding, Pakistani businessman Shahzada Dawood, his son Suleman, OceanGate Expeditions CEO Stockton Rush and French submarine operator Paul-Henri Nargeolet, nicknamed "Mr Titanic" for his frequent dives at the site.
In an Instagram message posted just before their journey, Harding said a window had opened after days of bad weather and he was proud to be part of the mission.
"Due to the worst winter in Newfoundland in 40 years, this mission is likely to be the first and only manned mission to the Titanic in 2023," he wrote.
Harding, 58, is no stranger to daredevil antics and has three Guinness world records to his name.
A year ago, he became a space tourist through Amazon founder Jeff Bezos's Blue Origin company.
Shahzada and Suleman Dawood hail from one of Pakistan's richest families that runs Karachi-headquartered conglomerate Engro, with investments in energy, agriculture, petrochemicals and telecommunications.
Mike Reiss, an American television writer who visited the Titanic wreck on the same sub last year, told the BBC the experience was disorientating. The pressure at that depth as measured in atmospheres is 400 times what it is at sea level.
"The compass immediately stopped working and was just spinning around and so we had to flail around blindly at the bottom of the ocean, knowing the Titanic was somewhere there," Reiss said.
He said everyone was aware of the dangers. "You sign a waiver before you get on and it mentions death three different times on page one."
Fears of a leak
The Titanic hit an iceberg and sank in 1912 during its maiden voyage from England to New York with 2,224 passengers and crew on board. More than 1,500 people died.
It was found in 1985 and remains a lure for nautical experts and underwater tourists.
Without having studied the lost craft itself, Alistair Greig, professor of marine engineering at University College London, suggested two possible scenarios based on images of the Titan published by the press.
He said if it had an electrical or communications problem, it could have surfaced and remained floating, "waiting to be found" -- bearing in mind the vessel can reportedly be unlocked from the outside only.
"Another scenario is the pressure hull was compromised -- a leak," he said in a statement. "Then the prognosis is not good."