More protected areas won't save biodiversity, warn experts
PARIS, France — Expanding nature preserves will not be enough to stem a rising tide of extinctions, a panel of experts warned Wednesday, taking aim at a draft treaty tasked with rescuing Earth's animal and plant life.
Setting aside at least 30% of both land and oceans as protected zones is the cornerstone target of the so-called global biodiversity framework to be finalized in May at UN negotiations in Kunming, China.
But a report by more than 50 top experts said the draft plan still falls far short of what is needed.
"We're in the middle of a biodiversity crisis, with a million species at risk of extinction," lead author Paul Leadley, a professor at Paris-Saclay University, told AFP.
"There's good evidence that we will fail again to meet ambitious international biodiversity objectives if there's too much focus on protected areas at the expense of other urgent actions."
The plan, under negotiation by nearly 200 nations, sets a score of targets for 2030—and aims by 2050 to reverse biodiversity loss and be "living in harmony with nature."
The world failed almost entirely to reach a similar set of 10-year objectives set a decade ago at UN talks in Aichi, Japan.
"We keep trying to treat a critically ill patient with plasters—that has to stop," said Leadley.
Echoing a similar warning issued by the UN's science advisory panel for climate change, Leadley and his colleagues said reversing the damage done to nature will require "transformative change" in society, starting with the way we produce and consume food.
Multiple drivers
Policymakers must also realize that all the drivers of extinction—habitat loss and fragmentation, over-hunting for food and profit, pollution, the spread of invasive species—must be tackled at once.
"Biodiversity loss is caused by multiple direct drivers in nearly all cases, meaning that actions on only one or a few will be insufficient to halt continued loss," the report said.
Climate change is also rapidly emerging as a major threat to many animal and plant species on land and in the oceans, outpacing their ability to adapt.
Limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels—"essential" for protecting nature—is not adequately reflected in the draft targets, the authors say.
Earth's surface has already warmed 1.1C, enough to unleash a crescendo of climate-enhanced storms, heatwaves, droughts and flooding.
And it works both ways, the report warns: "Protecting and restoring biodiversity are key to achieving the climate mitigation and adaptation goals of the Paris Agreement."
Nature-based solutions
As with climate, there's no time to lose.
"The sooner we act the better," said co-author Maria Cecilia Londono Murcia, a researcher at Humboldt Institute in Colombia.
"Time lags between action and positive outcomes for biodiversity can take decades."
The report also takes the draft treaty to task for not spelling out how goals will be achieved and enforced.
Targets are all well and good, it suggests, "but it is how these targets are implemented ... that will determine success."
Other targets set for 2030 include:
- reducing by 50% the rate at which alien species are spreading across the globe;
- reducing nutrients such as fertiliser leaching into the environment by at least half, and pesticides by at least two-thirds;
- eliminating the discharge of plastic waste;
- using nature-based solutions to cut greenhouse gas emissions by at least 10 billion tons of CO2 or its equivalent;
- reducing subsidies that harm biodiversity by at least $500 billion (440 billion euros) per year.
"For every euro we spend globally to help biodiversity, we spend at least five on things that destroy it," said co-author Aleksandar Rankovic, a researcher at the Paris Institute of Political Studies.
Nations will gather in Geneva in March for technical meetings ahead of the crunch talks in April and May.
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