BATANGAS, Philippines — Mang Onad has been a tour boat operator for the past 20 years and business has gotten better since he started.
He rents out his boat, the Kilyawan, to scuba divers for around P3,000 per trip, taking them to sites in Mabini and Tingloy towns, in Batangas province.
He jacks up the rate slightly for guests who want to go to the southern side of Maricaban Island or to Verde Island, also in Batangas. That's because Mabini, Tingloy, and Maricaban are among the most popular dive spots in the area. They are so popular among scuba diving that five or more dive boats can sometimes be seen in the same dive spot, above the capacity that an anchoring bouy can accommodate.
This leads to a problem. When the buoy can no longer accommodate a boat, the boatman will need to drop anchor, which then damages the corals. This destructive practice is expected to get worse as more people troop to the beach and the sea to beat the summer heat.
The Batangas Provincial Tourism and Cultural Affairs Office expect tourist arrivals to exceed 11 million this year. Mabini and Tingloy – about a three-hour drive from Manila by car (and a boat ride in the case of Tingloy) — are popular tourist destinations for residents of Metro Manila.
Tourism vs environment protection
Locals like Mang Onad are ambivalent towards the avalanche of visitors.
More tourists means more income. But, at the same time, they are aware of the damage a careless snorkeler, a novice scuba diver, or an irresponsible visitor can cause especially to underwater sites.
Fishing has been the traditional source of livelihood for locals up to the 1980s. But commercial fishing operations entered the area and, with their lift nets or basnig /basnigan, took the lion’s share of the catch closer to the reefs.
Dwindling catch forced local fishermen to venture farther and farther out to the high sea. Many even resorted to dynamite fishing.
In the early 1990s, as word got out about Tingloy and Mabini’s beautiful beaches and splendid ocean floor, tourists started trickling in. They hired dive boats and rented rooms. These days, they come in droves.
The influx of tourists is an economic bonanza for the communities but it is taking a heavy toll on the environment.
A photo of Masasa Beach in Maricaban Island during Holy Week last year went viral, not for the white sand or captivating scenery but for the huge crowd that filled almost every inch of the beach.
These same visitors left piles of garbage. There is no landfill site in Maricaban. Mabini town has refused to accept its neighbor’s trash as it was also burdened with its own.
Coral reefs are the major casualty.
Tourists have stepped on corals. Some snap off a piece to take home as a souvenir, not realizing that corals are alive could die when you cut off a piece.
It is apparent that many tourists are ignorant of the role of coral reefs in the ecosystem. Corals are home to 25 percent of all ocean's marine life. When corals are destroyed, the marine population are deprived of their habitat endangering their existence.
Coral reefs also provide an important barrier against the ravages of storms, hurricanes, and typhoons. The storm surge that killed over 6,000 during Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan) would not have been as destructive had the coral reefs in Leyte been healthy.
Early attempts at conservation
Some four decades ago, when dynamite fishing was rampant in Mabini and Tingloy, divers would hear the blasts while diving. The boatmen were unaware because sound travels four times faster underwater than at the surface.
Concerns for the deteriorating marine habitat encouraged concerned divers to initiate the installation of artificial reefs made of used tires. They copied a program that was already in place in Florida.
This waste management and conservation program continued well into the mid-1980s until it was found that the rubber tires were doing more harm than good.
Constant water motion caused the bindings to loosen and snap, scattering the tires and damaging natural reefs in the vicinity.
Also, tires contain black carbon, sulphur, zinc oxide, and other chemicals that inhibit coral growth.
Fortunately the passage of time has a way of dulling, if not correcting, mistakes.
Forty years later, most of the tires have been washed ashore. The harmful chemicals seem to have all but dissipated, turning them into a more palatable substrate for coral larva to finally attach and grow.
There is no more dynamite fishing in the area, said Mang Onad who is also a Bantay Dagat volunteer, a sort of fish warden.
Compressor diving
Local environmental watchers have to deal with another kind of problem — the occasional compressor diver.
Compressor diving involves the use of refurbished compressors from discarded air conditioners or refrigerators attached with a long tube which the diver bites in place so he is fed air while underwater.
He then positions a wide net where fish are schooling and signals his accomplices to pull up at the right time. The practice depletes the fish stock. It is also harmful to the diver because residual oil from the unfiltered air will likely lead to respiratory disease.
Mang Onad recalled that he recently got a call from his fellow Bantay Dagat volunteers about compressor divers in one of the reefs. It was 1:30 in the morning but Mang Onad and his team promptly proceeded to the site and trained their lights on the poachers who quickly dispersed.
There were prior incidents where the Bantay Dagat volunteers would apprehend the divers themselves and turn them over to authorities.
The Parasan Marine Protected Area
Lessons from the past are not lost on the community of Tingloy.
On Novermber 26, 2018 the municipal council passed an ordinance declaring the 22-hectare reef in front of Masasa Beach in Barangay San Juan as the Parasan Marine Protected Area. The ordinance sets aside a core zone where no marine resource extraction, including fishing, is allowed and provides the legal basis for the apprehension of violators.
With the assistance of Pusod, an NGO supporting the area, community members have been mobilized to monitor the reef and its environs. Some were trained in free diving to help compile data and to orient and guide visitors on how to best appreciate the reef without causing damage.
Additionally, Tingloy was able to secure a grant for the construction of a Nature Conservation Center from Seacology, a small NGO based in Berkeley that provides funds for communities willing to care for their natural resource.
Plans are also afoot for the construction of a Materials Recovery Facility to support waste management efforts.
Political will counts a lot but any program still requires the cooperation of the people. The Conservationists’ Golden Rule remains the best guideline: Take nothing but pictures, leave nothing but footprints, keep nothing but memories.”
(The author, Ferdie C. Marcelo is the Field Representative for the Philippines of Seacology, a nonprofit based in Berkeley, California whose mission is to work with islanders around the world to protect threatened ecosystems.
(This story is produced by VERA Files under a project supported by the Internews’ Earth Journalism Network, which aims to empower journalists from developing countries to cover the environment more effectively. VERA Files is put out by veteran journalists taking a deeper look at current issues.)