TAMPA, United States — As carbon dioxide rises due to the burning of fossil fuels, rice will lose some of its protein and vitamin content, putting millions of people at risk of malnutrition, scientists warned.
The change could be particularly dire in Southeast Asia where rice is a major part of the daily diet, said the report Thursday (Manila time) in the journal Science Advances.
"We are showing that global warming, climate change and particularly greenhouse gases—carbon dioxide—can have an impact on the nutrient content of plants we eat," said co-author Adam Drewnowski, a professor of epidemiology at the University of Washington.
"This can have devastating effects on the rice-consuming countries where about 70 percent of the calories and most of the nutrients come from rice."
Protein and vitamin deficiencies can lead to growth-stunting, birth defects, diarrhea, infections and early death.
Countries at most risk include those that consume the most rice and have the lowest GDP, such as Myanmar, Laos and Cambodia, Drewnowksi said.
The findings were based on field studies in Japan and China, simulating the amount of CO2 expected in the atmosphere by the second half of this century—568 to 590 parts per million. Current levels are just over 400 ppm.
For the experiments, 18 different strains of rice were planted in open fields, surrounded in certain areas by 56-foot wide (17-meter) octagons of plastic piping that released extra CO2.
According to study co-author Kazuhiko Kobayashi, a professor at the University of Tokyo, the experiment is designed to be more accurate than growing in a greenhouse.
"This technique allows us to test the effects of higher carbon dioxide concentrations on plants growing in the same conditions that farmers really will grow them some decades later in this century," said Kobayashi.
Vitamins cut
Researchers found that iron, zinc, protein, and vitamins B1, B2, B5, and B9—which help the body convert food to energy—were all reduced in the rice grown under higher CO2 conditions.
"Vitamin B1 (thiamine) levels decreased by 17.1 percent; average Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) by 16.6 percent; average Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) by 12.7 percent; and average Vitamin B9 (folate) by 30.3 percent," said the report.
On average, protein content fell 10.3 percent, iron dropped eight percent and zinc was reduced by 5.1 percent, compared to rice grown today under current CO2 conditions.
Vitamin B6 and calcium were unaffected, and vitamin E levels rose for most strains.
The reasons for the changes have to do with how higher CO2 affects the plant's structure and growth, increasing carbohydrate content and reducing protein and minerals, said the study.
Higher CO2 means less exposure to nitrogen, which also may affect vitamin content, researchers said.
Not all rice varieties saw the same drops in nutritional value, raising hope that future research could help farmers develop strains of rice that would be more resilient to atmospheric changes.
A separate study out last year by researchers at Harvard University found that global warming would cut protein in a number of key staples, including rice, wheat, barley and potatoes.
The result: an additional 150 million people globally may be at risk of protein deficiency by 2050.