LAGAWE, Ifugao , Philippines — The Ifugaos’ traditional and unique way of honoring their dead – known as bogwa – seems to be vanishing.
Today, locals say only few Ifugao natives perform the ritual, given the changes in burial practices and modern cemeteries. Natives have also begun leaving to settle in urban areas.
Bogwa is the practice of exhuming the bones of the dead, cleaning and rewrapping them after a year or more depending on necessity and returning them to the grave or lubuk.
It is considered one of the most expensive rituals of the Ifugao natives as animals have to be offered during the three days it is being performed.
But being a family responsibility to honor a deceased loved one, it is being done as the Ifugaos do not observe All Saints’ Day and All Souls’ Day like most Filipinos.
Marcos Bantiyan, former vice mayor of Hingyon town, said bogwa repeats the usual burial ceremonies when an Ifugao dies, except this time without expressions of grief.
“It’s more on feasting rather than mourning, pigs and carabaos will be offered for three days to appease the spirits of the dead,” Bantiyan said.
According to Bantiyan, the Ifugaos believe bogwa is necessary so those left behind will prosper and live in peace with the spirits of their departed loved ones.
It is also the Ifugaos’ way of showing love and valuing what their deceased loved ones have done for them, Bantiyan said.
Apo Daniel Himayod, now 80 and who has served as a traditional mumbaki (pagan priest), said bogwa is also needed if any member of the family keeps on dreaming of their departed loved ones, if a widow or widower wishes to remarry or if the family has been experiencing sickness without knowing the reason.
Himayod said as a mumbaki, he believes that sometimes sickness could be caused by the displeasure of spirits of the departed.
During the first day of the three-day ritual, mumbakis and other tribal elders including gong beaters will perform the gohwat in the morning by taking out the remains from the gungat (traditional burial chamber) or urn, cleaning the bones, arranging them in proper position and wrapping them in traditional woven cloth called gamong before bringing them to a residence for bogwa.
The second day is called kadwa where immediate family members continue to prepare food and drink (rice wine) for visitors who attend the ritual, since the invitation for bogwa is open not only within the village but even outside the community.
At 3 p.m. in the afternoon of the katlu or third day of the ritual, the bones are brought back to the grave with gong accompaniment, with the skull positioned facing the opening of the gungat.
Animals like pigs are butchered every day of the bogwa, with some specific parts of the slaughtered animals given to relatives of the deceased as a sign of kinship, while the rest of the meat is cooked and served to the people joining the wake.
“In some cases, bogwa is more expensive than marriage because of the presence of people who attend the wake for three days and two nights,” Himayod said.
Himayod said traditionally, early Ifugaos did not embalm their dead or place the body inside coffins and thus, the corpse decayed fast and was ready for bogwa after a year.
“In the Ifugao original practice, the dead was wrapped in a traditional blanket called bay-yaung and placed in a sitting position called hangdel, but now, the dead are embalmed and buried in coffins,” Himayod said.
Because of the embalming practices, Himayod said the cadaver is still intact even after three to five years and when bogwa is performed, the bones have to be separated forcibly from the remaining flesh as a requirement for cleaning.
“I usually perform baki (pagan prayer) during those days but now, different religious sectors are participating by praying and singing religious songs during bogwa instead of baki and hudhud,” Himayod added.
Aside from bogwa, one of the fast disappearing practices of the Ifugao is the multi-chambered burial site called gungat.
Alongside preparation of the terraces centuries ago was the gungat, the original lubuk (cemetery) of the Ifugao engineered by the ammod (forebears) for their kinsmen.
Bantiyan, whose family owns a gungat in Hingyon town, said a typical gungat has a small entrance and tunnel leading to the burial chambers, each containing bones of the departed descendants with space enough for kinsmen of the family that owns the burial place.
But according to tradition, only the kadangyan or wealthy families have the right to be buried in gungat, while ordinary people will be buried near their abung or traditional house.