For instance, in 1991-1996, the DOST budget increased four-fold or from P854 million to P3.4 billion. It doubled to P1.7 billion in 1992. Further, holders of graduate degrees in science and engineering also significant increased. The UP College of Science alone granted 509 advanced degrees from 1985 to 1994, with 133 Ph.Ds. Our S&T capability, however, did not improve. Total yearly output of publications in international journals in 1981-1995 by national R&D institutions remained the same.
Scientists are again calling on the government to allot more money to improve S&T. Its about time. I hope now programs would give more weight on the proper way of doing research. "You need to know how to do research properly before you can begin to think about commercializing discoveries."
If we hope to achieve our objectives this time around, we can no longer ignore the established norm of adequate peer review and verification of research results. Peer review and verification have more than three centuries of developing tradition. They have served science well. We can apply them in training graduate students. This can focus on thesis work, which is meant to be training in research. Since research is not completed until results are properly published and the best indicator of a good graduate training is publication of the thesis, we should include publication in the graduate program.
Below are some pointers to improve the training of graduate students in science. They are also useful for graduate faculty and those involved in R&D.
Another problem is about the type of research, whether to go basic or applied. Poor countries are more on applied research, whereas basic studies are common in developed countries. In applied research, time for benefit is short, predictability is high, payoff is small, and scope of applicability is narrow. But in basic research, time for benefit is long, predictability is low, payoff is big, and scope of applicability is wide. These differences perhaps explain why rich nations get richer, whereas poor countries find it hard to develop.
Many of our researchers often ignore basic knowledge when doing applied research. Although relevant studies are available in the journal literature, they are seldom cited in most grant proposals and published papers. Hence, results from applied research often fail in field applications. Developed nations have shown that the greater are the needs for applied research, the more important become basic studies.
The big payoff and wide scope of applicability of basic research deserve more comment. Great scientific discoveries that changed our ways of life were not intended. This serendipitous nature of basic research has given us wonder drugs, lasers, computers, biotechnology, and many others. Every scientist who contributed to the development of biotechnology, for example, did not have biotechnology in mind. This stresses the point of leaving the choice of problems to scientists. As the Nobel Laureate Joshua Lederberg once said in connection with the development of biotechnology, "It would have been tragic were any industry to have had a veto in deciding what would truly be of greatest industrial consequence."
Libraries should therefore subscribe to indexes and limit other subscriptions to important review journals. Indexes vary in number and quality of covered journals. The most widely used indexes in the natural and social sciences are issued by the Institute for Scientific Information (www.isinet.com). Examples are the different editions of Current Contents (CC).
Choosing journals and articles for references will improve the quality of the data gathering and the publication arising from it. An indicator of article quality is the reference list. The integrity and quality of an article depends on the quality of the bibliography added to it. If the reference list of an article is more than 80 percent gray literature, and if you are a researcher, dont waste time reading the article.
The best time to develop proper work habit is during the data gathering part of training. Much of the quality and usefulness of results depends on work habit. There is no substitute to observing the professor in his laboratory, or in the field, to learn the scientific habit. Unfortunately for our country, we rarely find a scientist whose only absence in his laboratory is holding class.
One work habit that should be corrected early in graduate training is sloppiness. Errors are caused by careless handling of data. If they leaked through the peer review, errors are propagated and can result in serious damage to the scientific literature. The other cause of errors is fraud. Sloppiness gives rise to unintentional errors; fraud, to intentional errors. Their damaging effects on science are the same. But we are often more concerned about fraud than sloppiness, when sloppiness is much more prevalent than fraud. And sloppiness is easier to correct during graduate training, but the tendency to fraud can be hereditary.
Three guides will be needed in preparing a manuscript: (a) a good book on scientific writing and publishing, (b) a "guide for authors" of a chosen journal, and (c) sample articles from the journal. A good book on scientific writing and publishing will show how to prepare the manuscript stating the Title, writing the Abstract, Introduction, and Materials and Methods, designing Tables, preparing Illustrations, etc. A "guide for authors" and sample articles will show the details. You should be followed strictly.
Presentation should cover main points only. Tables and figures will show results clearly and briefly. Prepare summary tables and figures selected from those in the manuscript. For example, reducing the number of columns and rows of tables will allow bigger prints. Avoid presenting tables and figures as they appear in the manuscript. Unlike in the written paper, projected images are seen only briefly. Well-prepared and properly sequenced slides will allow smooth presentation, with you talking less, and letting the slides convey the message. Some presenters read everything printed on the slide, forgetting that everyone in the audience can also read.
Then the manuscript goes through the standard device for quality control the peer review. For adequate peer review of a manuscript, good journals have normally three referees active in research on the same specific subject. We do not have enough such reviewers in the country to adequately review manuscripts, one reason why researchers should publish in international journals.
Once the paper is published, it goes through the second and final stage of quality control the peer verification. This occurs if the paper appeared in a journal covered in widely used indexes. International peers can then do verification studies by repeating experiments to disprove or confirm published results. This explains why improperly published results have largely failed in our technology generation.
The three elements of a research proposal are (a) the funding agency and peer review, (b) scientific merit, and (c) proponents capability. I will only reason for the proponents capability. This is most crucial for advancing S&T, and it should be the main concern of funding agencies to avoid wasting funds. Evaluation of research proposals is simplified if publication experience is made the criterion in screening applicants. For example, only those with publications in CC-indexed journals should qualify for research grants as in developed countries.
With this requirement and funds available, we can expect every proponent to produce a scientific paper, which is what we expect from research, and what we need to advance science, so that we can have more useful technologies, and finally move on to real development. Whereas science alone cannot save the Philippines, the Philippines without science cannot be saved. This was also said of Africa.